The Fundamental Objectives Of Modern Ethic Committees

Delivering medical care is a two way street. Families rely on the hospital physicians and the care team to understand their desire for their love ones to receive care that is not biased, or prejudiced in any way. On the other hand, hospitals have a desire for families to understand their guidelines, policies, and laws that guide their efforts in caring for patients. When physicians cannot reach an agreed upon resolution in care between all parties involved (patient/surrogate, caregiver, or clinician) the use of the ethical committee is efficient (University of Washington School of Medicine, 2013). The fundamental objectives of modern ethic committees are; to encourage rights of patients, promote shared decision-making between patients,†¦show more content†¦The Use of the Ethical Committee The use of the ethical committee is to ensure that the code of medical ethics is adhered to at all times by hospitals and the care team. According to George D. Pozgar, (2012), ethics is a p art of philosophy that looks to make known the nature, determinations, defense and the founding principles of moral rules and the systems they comprise (p. 368). There are four pillars to health care; maleficence, beneficence, justice, and autonomy. First, maleficence deals with the care giver not causing the patient harm. Secondly, beneficence deals with showing kindness, compassion, and doing well to help others. Thirdly, autonomy deals with a patient having the sole right to make decisions about his/her medical care. Finally, justice deals the facility being fair in their risks and management when dealing with patients. According to the Patient Self Determination Act of 1990, ethically, and legally a patient has the right to choose their course of medical care. This of course is interpreted as no matter what a family member would like to see as an outcome for the patient, nor what the doctor deems as right; it is the patient’s sole right to determine their fate. This means the patient is responsible for choosing how they desire to spend their last days, continue a course of treatment or discontinue it. All advance directives put in place by the patient are governed by the courts of law and statutory. Each hospital facility

Interventions Of Separation Anxiety Disorder - 1046 Words

Interventions of Separation Anxiety Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common anxiety disorders in preadolescent children and can cause serious distress in a child’s life. Having separation anxiety disorder in childhood can significantly increase the chances of internalizing problems and other anxiety disorders. Unfortunately, because separation anxiety is common in children it is hard to determine if the behaviors the children are displaying are atypical. Although there are various types of treatment options for SAD, parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) can be extremely helpful particularly in the school system as teachers can adopt the same techniques using teacher-child interaction therapy (TCIT). Therefore, the child is not only receiving treatment at home, their treatment is consistent at school. PCIT has proved to be an efficient and popular treatment for SAD, which will be outlined and confirmed in this paper through analysis of PCIT and TCIT. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy PCIT focuses on the idea that improving the parent-child interaction will lead to improvements in child and family’s functioning (Pincus, Eyberg, Choate, 2005) that have been impaired due to SAD. Parent’s responses to their child’s anxiety allows for the continuation of the disorder. PCIT teaches parents new response methods and improves attachment in result that the child will be able to separate without distress. There are two phases to Parent-Child InteractionShow MoreRelatedSeparation Of Separation Anxiety Disorder1312 Words   |  6 Pages Separation Anxiety Disorder Folasade Oyekoya Bowie State University â€Æ' Abstracts: Sam has a separation anxiety disorder; Separation Anxiety is a normal stage of life that fade at a certain stage, it becomes a disorder when it persist in individual under 18 for at least four weeks and for the adult for over six month or more. It’s becomes a disorder that causes distress for a child or teenager when separating from the parent or care giver. This can affect the child development andRead MoreEssay about Separation Anxiety Disorder Among Children and Adolescents 1320 Words   |  6 Pagesvarious symptoms of Separation Anxiety Disorder among children and adolescents, the refusal of children diagnosed with Separation Anxiety Disorder to go to school, and the treatments that are used to treat this disorder. Studies have shown that Separation Anxiety Disorder is the third most common anxiety disorder among children. Symptoms are fairly easy to recognize, but must be addressed quickly. Refusal to go to school is one of the most significant consequences of this disor der. Treatments are beingRead MoreThe Behavior Modification Helps A Child With Separation Anxiety Behaviors And A Company Owner1104 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction ABA offers many techniques to help people overcome and/or deal with everyday activities such as helping someone to quit smoking, help with building relationships, personality disorders and the ability to express one’s self. ABA when applied to children will address the child’s life in areas that include; social skills, cognitive skills, self-help, play and motor skills, and behavioral needs. ABA in the workplace can be used to increase desired behaviors and decrease undesired behaviorsRead MoreAdolescents And Adolescent Multiethnic Populations : Challenges And Opportunities For Enhancing Knowledge And Practice1148 Words   |  5 PagesAnxiety in Children Cooley, M. R., Boyce, C. A. (2004). An introduction to assessing anxiety in child and adolescent multiethnic populations: Challenges and opportunities for enhancing knowledge and practice. Journal of Clinical Child Adolescent Psychology, 33(2), 210-215. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3302_1 This article is an introduction to the larger project titled â€Å"Assessing Anxiety in Child and Adolescent Multiethnic Populations†. Cooley and Boyce (2004) present an overview of anxiety symptomsRead MoreSeparation Anxiety Disorders And Children Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pages Separation Anxiety Disorders in Parents and Children Christa Conrad Antelope Valley College Introduction to Psychology - PSY101 Professor Laurel Johnson Monday, November 14, 2016 Abstract The differences between Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) and the similar disorder, Attachment Anxiety Disorder, were examined to show that the disorders are alike. The causes of Separation Anxiety Disorder and the symptoms in which a child could be diagnosed were discussed. Following that, theRead MoreSchizophrenia/Psychosis/Life Span948 Words   |  4 Pagesdisordered thinking become the norm. Hansell and Damour (2005) states: Psychosis is a state of being profoundly out of touch with reality. Psychotic individuals may experience hallucinations and/ or delusions (p.393). Psychosis can occur in many mental disorders, and is most frequently associated with schizophrenia (p.398). Hansell and Damour (2005) also states: The effort to define what constitutes psychological normality and abnormality in developing children has given a rise to field within abnormalRead MoreReflection On Separation Anxiety Disorder1315 Words   |  6 Pagesleaving them for good and cause anxiety in the child. The anxiety starts to develop as the child is continually separated from their loved ones and thus develops into separation anxiety. Separation anxiety disorder (SAD), as defined by Christopher A. Kearney in the article Separation Anxiety Disorder in Young Children, refers to developmentally appropriate distress regarding separation from significant others. Most young children can regulate their distress after separation, but young children who cannotRead MoreSeparation Anxiety And Its Effects On Children1560 Words   |  7 Pagesexample of separation anxiety, a developmental phase that most children go through during their early years. Separation anxiety is most likely to occur in child with a family history of anxiety/depression, child who are shy, children who have a lack of appropriate parental interaction, and overprotective parents. Separation anxiety is one of the most common anxiety disorders in children affecting one out of twenty. It is a developmental stage during which the child experiences anxiety when separatedRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1734 Words   |  7 PagesAustralian figures of a burden of the disease show that mental health problems occur in approximately 14% of young people aged 4–17 years, and 27 % in the 18–24-year-old age range. Most mental disorders, for example, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), anxiety disorder, mood disorder, psychotic disorder, begin during youth 12–24 years of age, although they are often first detected later in life (Lawrence et al. 2015). Poor mental health is related to other health and development concerns inRead MoreThe Efficacy And Effectiveness Of Social Anxiety790 Words   |  4 PagesThe substantial evidence for the efficacy and effectiveness of CBT is based primarily on studies looking at †Å"standard† CBT interventions, which typically consist of 11- 18 weekly sessions. In general, the field of psychotherapy has been shifting toward brief, more intensive approaches in order to reach more patients and become more cost-effective (Ost and Ollendick 2017). Further, recent studies have suggested that for exposure to be maximally effective, it should be delivered in sessions that are

Childhood memory Essay Example For Students

Childhood memory Essay I have many exciting and eventful memories from my childhood. But one of the most vivid and close to my heart is the times I spend with my grandparents and cousins during the summer when I was a young. These memories will forever stay close to my heart as my grandparents have both since died. A granny is someone who is always there for you, even when it feels like the whole world is against you or when you are in trouble. They never shout and scream always listen and they will always love you like there own children, this is a love that is unconditional. From I was a child my parents worked long hours and my granny was always there to support them. The feelings of love and security I got when I was with my granny were incredible. I am going to tell you about some of the most memorable times from this period of my life. Wouldnt you give anything to be innocent and uncorrupted by societies views and stereotypes again? The innocence of being young is something we do not appreciate until you are faced with deadlines and responsibilities of growing up. These memories are of pure bliss and are taken from the only period in your life in which you are free. I grew up in portrush in a small house in Brooklyn place but as my grand parents got older we moved closer to them in fact just up the road. Every day my dad would go to work and leave me at my grannies on the way. There I would eat my breakfast and prepare to go to school with my two cousins. I would return after school to watch television and chill-out. I loved it there, so as you can guess when the summer came I was incredibly excited. The summer is every Childs euphoria two whole months of freedom, fun and of course if you live in portrush sun and sand, well maybe not so much sun as sand. On the warm summer July mornings I would walk down the road to my grandparents house and would be greeted by the smell of warm toast and the aroma of a cup of warm tea. After breakfast the television would be turned on and my granny would go out and do a couple of hours work for an old butcher who lived up the street. When the TV went on, the fighting commenced. Give it to me! we would all scream in desperation not to miss a minute of are favourite shows. The screaming would wake my irritable grandfather. My granddad was a lovely man but not the sort you would want to wake in the morning as he would venture downstairs to tell us of and then proceed to behave fecetiously. Waking him would also mean sacrificing the television not something any of us wanted to do. From we were young my younger cousin Louise and  I built up and especially close friendship we were always there for each other. Whereas my older cousin and me would always fight, this usually ending up with me smacking him in the face and starting what seemed like world war three to us. This ultimately would end in one of use getting hit with a flying marble or getting stabbed with a pen. This rioting would ultimately end up in a rush to the kitchen to tell our wonderfully exaggerated tales to granny. In the afternoon we would be far less boisterous as my granny was home. She had a wonderful way of always keeping us out of trouble however innocent it might have seemed at the time. On her arrival home she would have a bag of goodies, these were rationed out for good behaviour and eating all of our dinner. No matter how hard we looked we could never find the treasure. When you are a child treasure is chocolate, I can remember eating a bar of chocolate and feeling a buzz, that as a young adult you can only compare to the rush you fell when you re doing something incredible dangerous. .u4178c2e1afcab19443f42c7910993874 , .u4178c2e1afcab19443f42c7910993874 .postImageUrl , .u4178c2e1afcab19443f42c7910993874 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4178c2e1afcab19443f42c7910993874 , .u4178c2e1afcab19443f42c7910993874:hover , .u4178c2e1afcab19443f42c7910993874:visited , .u4178c2e1afcab19443f42c7910993874:active { border:0!important; } .u4178c2e1afcab19443f42c7910993874 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4178c2e1afcab19443f42c7910993874 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4178c2e1afcab19443f42c7910993874:active , .u4178c2e1afcab19443f42c7910993874:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4178c2e1afcab19443f42c7910993874 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4178c2e1afcab19443f42c7910993874 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4178c2e1afcab19443f42c7910993874 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4178c2e1afcab19443f42c7910993874 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4178c2e1afcab19443f42c7910993874:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4178c2e1afcab19443f42c7910993874 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4178c2e1afcab19443f42c7910993874 .u4178c2e1afcab19443f42c7910993874-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4178c2e1afcab19443f42c7910993874:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Name Of War EssayOne of the things I remember the most, are the many contraptions we would strive to build. These seemed like massive undertakings for a couple of children like us and looking back they were. One day it would be a go-cart and the next a small wooden hut, the list was endless. These projects would almost always certainly end in failure for us, but to avoid having to witness our innocent faces of filled with failure granddad would undertake the challenge of building them from our simplistic plans. I will treasure these memories till the day I die. Nothing in my life will ever come close to the happiness I felt. As you get older life just deteriates into a spiral set out by todays society this only consists of stupid pettty laws and the idea you can never be good enough to meet the expectations of other people. Childhood is the only time in your life when you are not degraded and demoralised by people who think they are above you.

DC Power Supply Design

Question: Describe about the DC Power Supply Design? Answer: Introduction In this project, we have designed a power supply to convert standard UK mains AC supply to a 12V DC supply. The input voltage is 240V AC, which corresponds to a RMS value to 325V. Emitter Resistance concept of Transistor Model The transistor is used to stabilise the DC output voltage. This stabilisation is achieved by the use of an Emitter Resistance which provides the required amount of automatic biasing needed for a common emitter amplifier. This is the most used transistor configuration, which is also called common emitter transistor. Here, a large amount of current flows into the base of the transistor. The voltage divider circuit thus formed, is responsible for the stability. The emitter resistance provides more stability. This addition helps transistor to control the base bias using negative feedback. The DC negative feedback provides stable biasing. The AC negative feedback signal transconductance and voltage gain specifications. Sometimes, emitter bypass capacitor is also attached in the circuit, in parallel with emitter resistance, to break the frequency response of the circuit at a designated cut-off frequency. Here, the Emitter is not grounded, but kept at a small potential to provide the stability. VB = VE + VBE Emitter Resistance Current is given by, IE = (VB VBE)/RE By following this design concept, we make sure that the desired value to current is not exceeded in the load resistance in our circuit. Circuit Design and Simulation We have designed the desired circuit by using the components specified and following the emitter resistance concept. A small resistance of 10 Ohm has been added after the AC supply to protect our circuit from surge and our transformer. We see after simulations that diode breakdown voltages are never reached in the circuit, so diodes are protected. As we need a voltage output of about 12V DC, we use a 20:1 step down transformer, as can been seen by the inductor value of the transformer windings. After four diode drops, its gives a voltage of about 13.5V DC. The simulations under full load and no load conditions are depicted below with screenshots of the simulation on LTSpice. Fig. Circuit designed on LTSpice Calculations Calculation for the type of transformer 325V has to be brought down to 12V, with 4 diodes connected in the circuit, each with a drop of 0.7V. Keep a decent margin of about 1.5V above 12V required: 325/20 4 x 0.7 = 13.34V Calculation for Emitter Resistance Concept on Full Load RE = 500 Ohms VBE = 1V VB = 13.45V Thus, IE = 0.025A On no load condition, the current would be about 4A, or just a little less. To be 4A current exact, the load should be 3.3625 Ohms. Ripple The ripple (peak to peak) under maximum load = I/ (2fC) = 0.2V (as current decreases to a great amount in full load). Simulation Screenshots Simulation on full load: From above simulation, we see that the design requirements have been met. By this simulation, we see that about 1V difference occurs between full load and no load conditions. The voltage surge is efficiently prevented by the capacitance. Real Components for the Circuit As we have incorporated the values of all the components to be exact as the standard components available, the real components are same as the components being used in the circuit. The list of components are: 1. AC Supply SocketAvailable at the lab.2. Resistors: 10 Ohm, 10k Ohm, 5 OhmThey are standard value, can be bought from eBay at $0.5 each. Total cost: $1.53. Transformer (20:1)Can be bought online from about $35 from Amazon.com. The rating of voltage and current are as per our requirements. 4. 4 diode (1N4148)Can be bought from (https://www.mouser.in/ProductDetail/Fairchild-Semiconductor/1N4148/?qs=i4Fj9T%2FoRm8RMUhj5DeFQg%3D%3D) at $0.10 each. Total part cost: $0.505. Zener diode Can be bought from (https://www.mouser.in/ProductDetail/Micro-Commercial-Components-MCC/SMBJ5338B-TP/?qs=sGAEpiMZZMtQ8nqTKtFS%2fKiApRWFN7sOvQgw3Qc04zk%3d) at $0.806. Capacitors: 0.1uF and 5000uFCan be bought from eBay at $0.50 each. Total part cost: $17. NPN transistorCan be bought from (https://www.ebay.com/itm/100Pcs-2N3904-TO-92-NPN-General-Purpose-Transistor-/140846122431) at $1.56.8. Heat sinkIt is inbuilt for the transformer. For transistor, can be bought from (https://www.mouser.in/ProductDetail/Aavi d-Thermalloy/577404B00000G/?qs=sGAEpiMZZMttgyDkZ5WiuqcEpFN0QqoQKaPGubZmWpo%3d) at $0.82. Thus, the total cost of the project implementation is: $41.18 (approx.) Power Dissipation Power Dissipation in the transformer = 65W (maximum value) Power Dissipation in the transistor = 48W (maximum value) Thus, by using a proper heat sink, the temperature can be kept in control. The details about heat sink to be used has been attached with the list of the real components to be used. The heat sink used with the transformer is inbuilt, whereas those for the transistor should be externally mounted. Result and Conclusion The power supply has been designed successfully in LTSpice, which meet all our requirements, as seen from the simulations. The costing of the components used have been mentioned. The emitter resistance concept to stabilise the output has been implemented successfully. It gives a negative feedback to provide a stable current. An additional resistance has been added just after the voltage supply, before the transformer to prevent transformer from damage. This resistance have no negative effect on the circuit further. The real components have been identified, and as the components implemented in the circuit are available as it is in the market, no circuit changes has to be done according to it in the simulation software LTSpice. The price of real components have been mentioned (approximated value), and a total cost of the project if implemented on hardware, has been generated. References Amos S W James M R (1999). Principles of Transistor Circuits. Butterworth-Heinemann. Horowitz, Paul Hill, Winfield (1989). The Art of Electronics. Cambridge University Press. Warnes, Lionel (1998). Analogue and Digital Electronics. Macmillan Press Ltd. D. Renmore (1980). Silicon Chips and You. Wiley-IEEE Press. Complete Guide to Semiconductor Devices, 2nd Edition. Lilienfeld, Julius Edgar, "Method and apparatus for controlling electric current" U.S. Patent 1,745,175 January 28, 1930 (filed in Canada 1925-10-22, in US 1926-10-08). "Amplifier For Electric Currents". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Bell Laboratories (1983). S. Millman, ed. A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System, Physical Science (1925-1980). ATT Bell Laboratories. p. 102. David Bodanis (2005). Electric Universe. Crown Publishers, New York. "transistor". American Heritage Dictionary (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1992. Philco TechRep Division Bulletin, MayJune 1955, Volume 5 Number 3, page 28 IEEE Spectrum, The Lost History of the Transistor, Author: Michael Riordan, May 2004, pp 48-49 Chelikowski, "Introduction: Silicon in all its Forms", Silicon: evolution and future of a technology (Editors: P. Siffert, E. F. Krimmel), p.1, Springer, 2004 Grant McFarland, Microprocessor design: a practical guide from design planning to manufacturing, p.10, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006. Heywang, K. H. Zaininger, "Silicon: The Semiconductor Material", Silicon: evolution and future of a technology (Editors: P. Siffert, E. F. Krimmel), p.36, Springer, 2004. Kaplan, Daniel (2003). Hands-On Electronics. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 4754, 6061. Streetman, Ben (1992). Solid State Electronic Devices. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. pp. 301305. Horowitz, Paul; Winfield Hill (1989). The Art of Electronics (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 115. A.S. Sedra and K.C. Smith (2004). Microelectronic circuits (Fifth ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 397 and Figure 5.17. Daniels, A.R. (1985). Introduction to Electrical Machines. Macmillan. Flanagan, William M. (1993). Handbook of Transformer Design Applications (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. Hindmarsh, John (1977). Electrical Machines and Their Applications (4th ed.). Exeter: Pergamon. Kulkarni, S.V.; Khaparde, S.A. (2004). Transformer Engineering: Design and Practice. CRC Press. McLaren, Peter (1984). Elementary Electric Power and Machines. Ellis Horwood. McLyman, Colonel William (2004). Transformer and Inductor Design Handbook. CRC. Say, M.G. (1983). Alternating Current Machines (5th ed.). London: Pitman. Winders, Jr., John J. (2002). Power Transformer Principles and Applications. CRC. Malmstadt, Enke and Crouch, Electronics and Instrumentation for Scientists, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., 1981. Knowlton, A.E. (Ed.) (1949). Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 597, Fig. 642. Crosby, D. (1958). "The Ideal Transformer". IRE Transactions on Circuit.Theory 5 (2): 145145. Hameyer, Kay (2001). "2.1.2 'Second Maxwell-Equation (Faraday's Law)' in Section 2 - Basics". Electrical Machines I: Basics, Design, Function, Operation. RWTH Aachen University Institute of Electrical Machines. pp. 1112. Rajput, R.K. (2002). Alternating current machines (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Laxmi Publications. p. 107. Winders, John J., Jr. (2002). Power Transformer Principles and Applications. CRC. pp. 2021. Miller, Wilhelm C.; Robbins, Allan H. (2013). Circuit analysis : theory and practice (5th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Cengage Learning. p. 990. McLaren, P. G. (1984). Elementary Electric Power and Machines. pp. 6874. Terman, Frederick E. (1955). Electronic and Radio Engineering (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 15. Daniels, A. R. Introduction to Electrical Machines. pp. 4749. Billings, Keith (1999). Switchmode Power Supply Handbook. McGraw-Hill. Gururaj, B.I. (June 1963). "Natural Frequencies of 3-Phase Transformer Windings". IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems 82 (66): 318329. Pansini, Anthony J. (1999). Electrical Transformers and Power Equipment. Fairmont Press. p. 23. Del Vecchio, Robert M. et al. (2002). Transformer Design Principles: With Applications to Core-Form Power Transformers. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 1011. Engineering and Design Hydroelectric Power Plants Electrical Design. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. p. 4-1. Hindmarsh, J. (1984). Electrical Machines and Their Applications. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 2931. Kulkarni, S. V.; Khaparde, S. A. (May 24, 2004). Transformer Engineering: Design and Practice. CRC. pp. 3637.